The sub-specialty of Urology manages benign and malignant medical and surgical disorders of the genitourinary system and the adrenal gland. A Urologist has comprehensive knowledge and skills in endoscopic, percutaneous and open surgery of congenital and acquired conditions of the urinary and reproductive systems and their contiguous structures. They do procedures such as kidney stone removal, vasectomies, circumcisions, and reconstruction of these areas. They also treat (surgically and chemotherapy treatments) those patients that have developed cancer in the prostate, bladder or kidneys.